Is there a way for the response options to be populated by previous responses by a survey taker. For instance, if you have a question: What university did you attend? and the first one enters Harvard, can we have Harvard come in as a prefilled response option, say in a pull down menu?

You can use Expression Manager to pipe responses into subsequent question or answer text.

Tony,

Thanks. Can this be expanded so that responses from an earlier participant from filling in an "other" field, on say question 7, show up as option on question 7 for the next participant to fill out the survey?

No, you can't add questions or answers to an activated survey.