As you wrote, there are many examples here.
And many working sample surveys.
Import one of them into your installation and study the source code of the question.
It is really straightforward.
The main and only part to adapt is this
Code:
// Insert selects
$('.answer-item.answer_cell_X001', thisQuestion).addClass('with-select').append('<select class="inserted-select form-control list-question-select">\
<option value="">...</option>\
<option value="1">Fußball</option>\
<option value="2">Handball</option>\
<option value="3">Karate</option>\
<option value="4">Leichtathletik</option>\
<option value="5">Schwimmen</option>\
<option value="6">Volleyball</option>\
</select>');
$('.answer-item.answer_cell_X002', thisQuestion).addClass('with-select').append('<select class="inserted-select form-control list-question-select">\
<option value="">...</option>\
<option value="1">U8 (2014 und jünger)</option>\
<option value="2">U10 (2012-2013)</option>\
<option value="3">U12 (2010-2011)</option>\
<option value="4">U14 (2008-2009)</option>\
<option value="5">U16 (2006-2007)</option>\
<option value="6">U18 (2004-2005)</option>\
</select>');
You see this?
$('.answer-item.answer_cell_X001
This means that the drop-down is inserted in the column with code X001.
There are other examples that do not depend on the column code, but on the column number.
But you neither answered the initial questions about your LimeSurvey version and the hosting nor did you provide a lss export with your survey (the part of this question you completed so far)
Joffm