Please help us help you and fill where relevant:
Your LimeSurvey version: Version 5.3.25
Own server or LimeSurvey hosting:  LimeSurvey Cloud
Survey theme/template:
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Inside a mail send to customers I would like to add a 5 Star rating or a NPS style rating with values from 1-10. Stars or Numbers are links. 
The user should click a link. The value is stored in LimeSurvey.
After the user clicked a link a website open in a browser with a page, telling the user his rating has been stored (plus a lot of thank you etc. pp : )
If the user clicks a second time into the same mail his browser opens telling him he already voted and his further votings we can not consider. Or as an alternative any further links update the first vote.

I would like to know if and how I can achive this requirement with LimeSurvey. The mails are been send by a CRM, in this case VEEVA.
Apologies if the question has been already answered. I searched the forum and browsed through more than 200 results.

Thanks in advance, Christian
 

Very rough idea.
Create a survey with one (hidden) question of type list(radio) (Q1)
Each of your numbers in the email links to the survey with an added parameter &Q1=1, &Q1=2,...
Read the manual about url fields:
[url] www.limesurvey.org/manual/URL_fields/en#Start_URL [/url]

End message with "Thank you"

Second part is not 100% safe.
Set cookie to prevent repeated participation: OFF

Of course, if participants answer from a different device, remove the cookie, -> bad luck.

Joffm

Thank you Joffm for the fast and helpful answer.

For anyone interested the full and working solution:
Now I use the 10-Matrix question type. I took the question SGQA identifier from the survey HTML radio box. Now the URL to answer with a value 6 out of 1-10 is /451917?451917X1X1QO01=6
Now I can embed rating buttons (or stars) as links in the mails send. Users can rate out of the mail.

In "Presentation" I disabled most features, in particular "show welcome page". And I hid the question to immediately show the thank you page as you had suggested.

Works like a charm!

And if you use tokens you can also prevent respondents to answer more than once.

And since there is ExpressionScript you do not have to use this (fdifficult to read) sgqa identifiers.

Just use the question code.

Joffm